ASTM E3-2001(2007)e1 金相样品制备标准指南
时间:2024-05-12 06:45:55 来源: 标准资料网 作者：标准资料网 阅读：8244
【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforPreparationofMetallographicSpecimens
【原文标准名称】:金相样品制备标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME3-2001(2007)e1
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2001
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E04.01
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:alloys;grinding;metallography;metals;mounting;polishing;sectioning;specimenpreparation(metallographic);Cleaningagents/processes;Electropolishing;Etching(materials/process);Grindingmaterials/operations;Inclusions--metals/alloys;Meta
【摘要】:Microstructureshaveastronginfluenceonthepropertiesandsuccessfulapplicationofmetalsandalloys.Determinationandcontrolofmicrostructurerequirestheuseofmetallographicexamination.Manyspecificationscontainarequirementregardingmicrostructure;hence,amajoruseformetallographicexaminationisinspectiontoensurethattherequirementismet.Othermajorusesformetallographicexaminationareinfailureanalysis,andinresearchanddevelopment.Properchoiceofspecimenlocationandorientationwillminimizethenumberofspecimensrequiredandsimplifytheirinterpretation.Itiseasytotaketoofewspecimensforstudy,butitisseldomthattoomanyarestudied.1.1Theprimaryobjectiveofmetallographicexaminationsistorevealtheconstituentsandstructureofmetalsandtheiralloysbymeansofalightopticalorscanningelectronmicroscope.Inspecialcases,theobjectiveoftheexaminationmayrequirethedevelopmentoflessdetailthaninothercasesbut,undernearlyallconditions,theproperselectionandpreparationofthespecimenisofmajorimportance.Becauseofthediversityinavailableequipmentandthewidevarietyofproblemsencountered,thefollowingtextpresentsfortheguidanceofthemetallographeronlythosepracticeswhichexperiencehasshownaregenerallysatisfactory;itcannotanddoesnotdescribethevariationsintechniquerequiredtosolveindividualspecimenpreparationproblems.Note18212;Foramoreextensivedescriptionofvariousmetallographictechniques,refertoSamuels,L.E.,MetallographicPolishingbyMechanicalMethods,AmericanSocietyforMetals(ASM)MetalsPark,OH,3rdEd.,1982;Petzow,G.,MetallographicEtching,ASM,1978;andVanderVoort,G.,Metallography:PrinciplesandPractice,McGrawHill,NY,2ndEd.,1999.1.2Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:H24
【国际标准分类号】:77_040_99
【页数】:12P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语
【英文标准名称】:Industrialcommunicationnetworks-Fieldbusspecifications-Part3-11:Data-linklayerservicedefinition-Type11elements
【原文标准名称】:工业通讯网络.数据总线规范.第3-11部分:数据联络层设备定义.11型元件
【标准号】:IEC61158-3-11-2007
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:国际
【发布日期】:2007-12
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:国际电工委员会(IX-IEC)
【起草单位】:IEC/SC65C
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:总线系统;总线;电路网络;通信;控制设备;控制系统;控制工艺学;数据通信;数据链层;数据连接系统;数据处理;数据设备;数据传送;定义;数字的;数字数据;数字工程;电子数据处理;电气工程;电子仪器;电子系统;现场总线;制导系统;工业的;工业设施;信息交换;信息处理;信息技术;接口(数据处理);链路层;开放系统互连;OSI;过程控制;过程控制工程;过程控制系统;信号;规范;规范(验收);传输媒质
【英文主题词】:Bussystems;Buses(dataprocessing);Circuitnetworks;Communication;Controlequipment;Controlsystems;Controltechnology;Datacommunication;Datalinklayers;Datalinksystem;Dataprocessing;Dataservices;Datatransfer;Definitions;Digital;Digitaldata;Digitalengineering;EDP;Electronicinstruments;Electronicsystems;Englishlanguage;Fieldbus;Guidancesystems;Industrial;Industrialfacilities;Informationinterchange;Informationprocessing;Informationtechnology;Interfaces(dataprocessing);Linklayers;Opensystemsinterconnection;OSI;Processcontrol;Processcontrolengineering;Processcontrolsystems;Signals;Specification;Specification(approval);Transmissionmedia
【摘要】:1.1OverviewThispartofIEC61158providescommonelementsforbasictime-criticalmessagingcommunicationsbetweendevicesinanautomationenvironment.Theterm“time-critical”isusedtorepresentthepresenceofatime-window,withinwhichoneormorespecifiedactionsarerequiredtobecompletedwithsomedefinedlevelofcertainty.Failuretocompletespecifiedactionswithinthetimewindowrisksfailureoftheapplicationsrequestingtheactions,withattendantrisktoequipment,plantandpossiblyhumanlife.ThisstandarddefinesinanabstractwaytheexternallyvisibleserviceprovidedbytheType11fieldbusdata-linklayerintermsofa)theprimitiveactionsandeventsoftheservice;b)theparametersassociatedwitheachprimitiveactionandevent,andtheformwhichtheytake;andc)theinterrelationshipbetweentheseactionsandevents,andtheirvalidsequences.Thepurposeofthisstandardistodefinetheservicesprovidedto?theType11fieldbusapplicationlayerattheboundarybetweentheapplicationanddatalinklayersofthefieldbusreferencemodel,and?systemsmanagementattheboundarybetweenthedata-linklayerandsystemsmanagementofthefieldbusreferencemodel.1.2SpecificationsTheprincipalobjectiveofthisstandardistospecifythecharacteristicsofconceptualdata-linklayerservicessuitablefortime-criticalcommunications,andthussupplementtheOSIBasicReferenceModelinguidingthedevelopmentofdata-linkprotocolsfortime-criticalcommunications.Asecondaryobjectiveistoprovidemigrationpathsfrompreviously-existingindustrialcommunicationsprotocols.ThisspecificationmaybeusedasthebasisforformalDL-Programming-Interfaces.Nevertheless,itisnotaformalprogramminginterface,andanysuchinterfacewillneedtoaddressimplementationissuesnotcoveredbythisspecification,includinga)thesizesandoctetorderingofvariousmulti-octetserviceparameters,andb)thecorrelationofpairedrequestandconfirm,orindicationandresponse,primitives.1.3ConformanceThisstandarddonotspecifyindividualimplementationsorproducts,nordotheyconstraintheimplementationsofdata-linkentitieswithinindustrialautomationsystems.Thereisnoconformanceofequipmenttothisdata-linklayerservicedefinitionstandard.Instead,conformanceisachievedthroughimplementationofthecorrespondingdata-linkprotocolthatfulfillstheType11data-linklayerservicesdefinedinthisstandard.
【中国标准分类号】:N18;P76
【国际标准分类号】:25_040_40;35_100_20;35_160;35_240_50
【页数】:40P;A4
【正文语种】:英语